"read the word and the world"

Pablo Freire (1972) invited literacy learners to "read the word and the world". With that invitation, he introduced them to critical literacy as a means to fundamentally approach text from a uniquely positioned stance.

According to Freire (as cited in Cervetti, Pardales, & Damico, 2001),

Critical literacy understands that literacy practices must always have social justice, freedom, and equity as central concerns. Further, textual meaning is understood in the context of social history and power relations, and not solely as the product or intention of the author.

Sus principales obras y aportes han sido tres:

• La educación como práctica de la libertad. En esta obra, como nos deja ver su nombre, resume lo que veníamos exponiendo; el empleo de la educación para desarrollar la libertad de las personas.
• Pedagogía del oprimido. Aquí realiza un estudio y análisis de las causas que oprimen a un hombre y cómo hacer para dar vuelta dicha situación.
• Extensión o comunicación. Profunda critica a las tradicionales formas y campañas de alfabetización, las cuales Freire considera que adolecen de graves y grandes faltas.

Authentic Task

Middle and High school students need to develop their critical thinking skills with the help of critical literacy. Critical literacy helps teachers and students “analyze bias, perspective, audience, and the underlying assumptions and purpose of a piece of writing.” Critical literacy will develop their thinking skills and they will become active thinkers. They will learn to look and look again, think about thinking and how to “apprehend subjectivity and objectivity in their dialectical relationships” (Freire, 1985).

Teachers can develop numerous strategies for delivering academic content within a framework of critical thinking skills.  

Firstly, teachers should help students develop a critical consciousness by focusing on authentic literacy tasks. Through authentic tasks, adolescents will develop a critical consciousness and they will learn to interrogate assumptions. For instance, in science, they can research the relationship between life expectancy and access to safe drinking water. In Cotonou (Rep of Benin), people have to walk sometimes 5 km to search for potable water. 

Secondly, in maths, they can use graphical representation of data and data analysis to accompany their science research. Then, they can develop inferences, predictions, and arguments in their literacy class based on the math data. 

Therefore, unauthentic tasks will only disconnect students from real life experiences. Adolescents need to engage in important and real topics in order to be motivated (Cassidy, 2006). So, they need authentic tasks.

Furthermore, in order to expand students’ critical thinking skills, there must be a dialogue in the classroom, a dialectical exchange in which their ideas will take shape.  

Paulo Freire argued that it is only through thinking and feeling, along with action that students can make sense of the world. 

They need to read the word and the world. 

Teachers must use texts which will initiate student-centered discussions so these texts must highlight controversial issues. Then, teachers will ask a series of open-ended questions in order to make students find points of “intersection between their lives and the text” (Beck, 2005). 

 Examples of generative questions can be

·         What if…?

·         How could it be if…?

·         I hear what you are saying and it seems to be this…

·         Why are things the way they are?

·         Who benefits from the status quo?

As Giroux (1993) described it so well, teachers will have “messy, vibrant and noisy” classrooms. But “messy and noisy” should not be seen as negative terms to describe debates. On the contrary, if the dialogue is well organized by teachers, students will learn to listen to each other and respect each other opinion!  

An effective dialogue has a beginning, middle and an end that are all controlled by the agenda. A healthy dialogue will help students to work actively with the ideas and the concepts that are being pursued. Students will reflect on their own experiences and they will adopt a questioning stance toward texts. 

Teachers can ask students to ask questions and continue the dialogue through diary entries. If we want to develop students’ critical thinking skills, we should look beyond the school and let students deal with issues of equity and issues such as gender, class, and prejudice. Teachers must use books were voices seem credible. 

For example, teachers can use the book called The Other Side of Truth by Beverly Naidoo. This book helps students evaluate their own critical writing about texts. It will encourage adolescents comment on the authorial perspectives offered in texts on individuals, community and society from different cultures. They will analyse ways in which different cultural contexts and tradition have influenced language and style. Then, the debate can be about leaving home, country, refugees. 

Critical literacy will help students and teachers “expand their reasoning, seek out multiple perspectives, read from a critical stance, question rather than passively accept information and become active thinkers” (McLaughlin & DeVoogd, 2004).

 Students and teachers must be able to “read the world” and not be manipulated by it. 

School leaders and teachers should understand that school work cannot be monolithic and traditional one size fits all. This approach will lead to a lack of critical literacy instruction and to the use of unauthentic tasks. Teachers must use authentic Literacy tasks in order engage adolescents in active learning and in meaningful real world activities.  

Critical literacy and authentic literacy tasks will create active, effective citizens for democracy. I believe that the central purpose of education is to prepare our children to maintain and improve democracy. Here, in our African continent, we have so many dictators who do not think about their countries. They just want to secure a bank account in Europe and corruption is part of the landscape now! 

In school, it is my role and it must be the role of every teacher to use critical literacy and to use authentic tasks (inquiries that reflect societal concerns) to help adolescents develop a critical consciousness. 

Critical thinking skills are imperative for creating life-long learning. We want to stimulate their motivation and engagement, right? We need encouraging critical literacy which will help students to analyze bias, perspective, audience, and the underlying assumptions and purpose of a piece of writing (Irvin, 2007). 

I also think that the literature should help students conduct inquiries for reasons other than it being an assignment or an exercise. In Africa, teachers need to choose good African Literature in order to develop critical literacy in the mind of the future African or international leaders. 

Pugh recommends the use of literature by non-native English authors in the teaching of English which is used to carry out a myriad of social, cultural and personal, as well as bureaucratic and commercial functions (as cited in the Journal of Language and Communications, 2007).

WHAT IS CRITICAL LITERACY? STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE ITS USE IN THE CLASSROOM

Schools are responsible for developing students’ critical thinking skills in order to prepare them to become active, engaged and responsible citizens. What is critical literacy and how does it relates to adolescents?

Freire (1970) defined critical literacy as an attitude toward texts that questions the social, political, and economic conditions under which those texts were constructed (as cited by Ann S. Beck, 2005). Adolescents need to question the text, to understand the “socio-cultural influences and to comprehend the text with a critical edge” (McLaughlin & DeVoogd). 

According to Irvin (2007), critical literacy helps students analyze bias, perspective, audience, and the underlying assumptions of a piece of writing (42). By using critical literacy, adolescents use an authentic approach for thinking about texts and engaging a critical dialogue with texts. 

In the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (2005), Ann S. Beck pointed out that critical literacy encourages students to apply critical awareness beyond the classroom. With the help of critical literacy, students learn to sharpen their critical thinking tools in order to transform their environment and become responsible citizens. Indeed, the significance of critical literacy as it relates to adolescents is essential because it develops their comprehension of the “words and the world” so students will not be “manipulated” by it (Freire, 1970). 

Critical literacy encourages readers to “adopt a questioning stance to work toward changing themselves and their worlds” (McDaniel, 2004). Adolescents like to be engaged in authentic tasks which will transform them and will transform their world. Teachers should understand that students are not “passive receptacles” but instead they are active members of our community (Freire, 1985). 

Consequently, teachers need to use books which will develop adolescents’ critical thinking. Teachers should use books which present credible voices and the themes should be about issues such as gender, class, tolerance, and prejudice. So, when students will engage in critical literacy, they will become “open-minded, active, and strategic readers who are capable of viewing text from a critical perspective” (McLaughlin & DeVoogd). 

Besides, texts are “infused with subjectivity and based on assumptions (Irvin, 2007, p. 43). So, adolescents who have mastered the tools of critical thinking can use their background knowledge to understand the author’s point of view. In addition, they know how to ask the right questions in order to participate in the class debate. 

Class debate is an important tool in order to construct critical literacy and develop critical thinking skills. Surrounding a variety of texts that can be used to represent critical literacy, teachers can scaffold the students’ learning. They will explain, demonstrate, practice and help students reflect on the theme through a well-constructed class debate. 

Therefore, researchers have understood that critical literacy develops students’ potential and it encourages them to be involved in authentic tasks. Critical literacy helps students develop a critical stance towards texts and it motivates them to be involved in tasks beyond the classroom. They are encouraged to ask questions and act as responsible members of their community.

I believe that critical literacy is an important skill which allows students to reach a higher-level of thinking. Critical literacy is an accurate and authentic approach for studying geography texts because it develops students’ critical thinking skills. 

It is very important in geography class because it helps students develop a critical stance towards history sources. I use critical literacy to teach adolescents the following critical thinking skills: (1) evaluate information and its sources critically; (2) understand the social, economical, and legal issues of some information; (3) to read from a critical stance; (4) to question who is writing the text; and (5) to expand their reasoning. 

I am going to share with you the following strategies which I use every day in order to engage students in critical literacy. Firstly, I use two anticipatory activities: (1) I set a purpose for reading and I ask students questions to make them use their prior knowledge; (2) I read the text aloud and I engage students in small groups to be engaged in shared readings. Secondly, I ask my students to identify the main ideas with supporting details from the expository text presented in their geography book. For example, for the lesson about weathering, rivers and coasts, I ask them to compare landforms from photos. I use videos, photos and sketches to explain the difference between weathering and erosion. 

Then, in order to understand erosion, transportation and deposition, I use the analogy of digging in the garden (erosion), moving the material in a wheelbarrow (transportation), then dumping it elsewhere (deposition). Then, I give the students a narrative text about what happens on a river bend and the narrative had three diagrams (a cross-section of a river, deposition on the inside of a river bend, and erosion on the outside). Then I ask students to draw the cross-section and to describe through their writings why one side of the river bend is different from the other. In addition, I ask my students to write down in their notebook two reasons why the flood plain of a valley is good for farming. Then, in group of three, I ask my students to give one problem of farming the flood plain and they should suggest what could be done to reduce the problem.

Secondly, if I was teaching a science class, I would use critical literacy. In science, critical literacy is the ability to read texts in an active, reflective and analytical manner. I think that critical thinking is an essential skill for adolescents to acquire in the science classroom. I insist that science is more than just memorizing facts. I think that science is about asking and investigating questions. Before reading the text, I will encourage my students to read the list of key concepts because they introduce the big ideas of the text. Then, I will ask my students to read to one another in small groups about one concept. I will teach them to ask each other the “what if” question in order to apply what they have learned through their shared reading. Then, through the scientific inquiry question, students are practicing their inquiry skills and they learn to develop hypotheses, analyze research data, and develop hypotheses. Students read narrative texts about scientific inquires and they test their critical thinking by answering the “what if” question. I will ask them to illustrate important scientific concepts by using three-dimensional drawing. The drawings help them visualize biological concepts. The students use also diagrams to help understand the science narrative lesson. For example, I can ask them to draw, structure and annotate a figure, or a graph experimental data. Then, I will engage my students around critical literacy by asking them to write a self-quiz in groups of four about the chapter they have completed. 

In the following content-area classrooms, English literature,  history and geography (and it is possible in the science class), I have used narrative texts and graphic organizers in their practicum activities. The students have understood the importance to think and to use anticipatory activities to master critical thinking skills. I have used “transportable and transparent strategies for content literacy instruction.” I have used anticipatory activities, read-alouds and shared readings, graphic organizers, vocabulary instruction in order to engage my students in critical literacy activities.